Citizenship and Belonging in France and North AmericaThe first decades of the new millennium have been marked by major political changes. Although The West has wished to revisit internal and international politics concerning migration policies, refugee status, integration, secularism, and the dismantling of communitarianism, events like the Syrian refugee crisis, the terrorist attacks in France in 2015 2016, and the economic crisis of 2008 have resurrected concepts such as national identity,