Philosophical Religions from Plato to Spinoza: Reason, Religion, and Autonomy - Paperbackby Carlos Fraenkel (Author) Many pagan, Jewish, Christian and Muslim philosophers from Antiquity to the Enlightenment made no meaningful distinction between philosophy and religion. Instead they advocated a philosophical religion, arguing that God is Reason and that the historical forms of a religious tradition serve as philosophy's handmaid to promote the life of reason among non philosophers. Carlos Fraenkel provides the first account of this